John Milton Essays (3664 words) - Abrahamic Mythology, Heaven, Hell

John Milton Paradise Lost is an epic - poem based on the Biblical story of Adam end Eve. It attempts to justify and explain how we came to be what we are today. The central question to Paradise Lost is where does evil comes from? Throughout the poem we receive information about the origin of evil. At the beginning of John Milton's work we are given the Biblical explanation, of Adam and Eve eating from the tree of knowledge and being expelled from the Garden of Eden. This was man's first disobedience, which brought him mortality, and at the same time this first act gave source to all evil. This was the effect of ambition. Adam end Eve both ate the apple from the tree in order to achieve a level of knowledge compatible to God's. The same way according to Paradise Lost, Satan is also known to be the source of evil. Satan was sent to Hell as cause of ambition. For the second time ambition and the desire to become more powerful or knowledgeable, was the basis of evil. Satan challenged God, and was co ndemned to evil. The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven. Hell is clearly a state of mind. According to the non-physical aspects of Hell described at the end of the poem, one can conclude even from the quote mentioned above, that Hell is what we think of it to be. Can the human exploration for answers, ambition for knowledge, and curiosity reach a level that then threatens humans themselves? The answer to this question is YES! If we examine subjects such as human cloning, nuclear weapons and medicine there may be different responses. My personal feeling is that anything that alters, or changes life itself, in exception to medicine, is not to be studied nor developed. We humans are curious, and this is simply innate. We will continue to ask questions and explore even outside of our world. I believe we humans, do not have the power to create nor destroy life, by any other means than normal sexual creation and accidental death. I feel medici nes are a positive element and part of our lives because medicine does not threaten the lives of others, unlike nuclear weapons and cloning. Furthermore medicines ameliorate our lifestyles. Does nuclear destruction and radiation do the same? aradise Lost is one of the finest examples of the epic tradition in all of literature. In composing this extraordinary work, John Milton was, for the most part, following in the manner of epic poets of past centuries: Barbara Lewalski notes that Paradise Lost is an epic whose closest structural affinities are to Virgil's Aeneid . . . ; she continues, however, to state that we now recognize as well the influence of epic traditions and the presence of epic features other than Virgilian. Among the poem's Homeric elements are its Iliadic subject, the death and woe resulting from an act of disobedience; the portrayal of Satan as an Archillean hero motivated by a sense of injured merit and also as an Odyssean hero of wiles and craft; the description of Satan's perilous Odyssey to find a new homeland; and the battle scenes in heaven. . . . The poem also incorporates a Hesiodic gigantomachy; numerous Ovidian metamorphoses; an Ariostan Paradise of Fools; [and] Spenserian allegorical figures (Sin and Death) . . . . (3) There were changes, however, as John M. Steadman makes clear: The regularity with which Milton frequently conforms to principles of epic structure make his occasional (but nevertheless fundamental) variations on the epic tradition all the more striking by contrast. The most important departures from epic decorum--the rejection of a martial theme, and the choice of an argument that emphasizes the hero's transgression and defeat instead of celebrating his virtues and triumphs--are paradoxically conditioned by concern for the ethical and religious decorum of the epic genre. On the whole, Milton has retained the formal motifs and devices of the heroic poem but has invested them with Christian matter and meaning. In this sense his epic is . . . something of a pseudomorph--retaining the form of classical epic but replacing

List of Indian States and Union Territories

List of Indian States and Union Territories The Republic of India is a country that occupies most of the Indian subcontinent in southern Asia and is the second most populous country in the world. It has a long history but today is considered a developing nation as well as the worlds largest democracy. India is a federal republic that consists of 28 states and seven union territories. These Indian states have their own elected governments for local administration. Delhi A city and union territory in northern India, Delhi is one of the countrys most important areas, in part because it is home to New Delhi, Indias capital. All three branches of Indias government, including Parliament and the judiciary, are based here. Delhi has a population of over 16 million people. The main religions are Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism, and the primary languages are Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu. Delhis historic temples include the Hindu Swaminarayan Akshardham complex, the Sikh Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, and the Islamic Jama Masjid. The Lotus Temple, a Bahà ­ House of Worship, is perhaps the most impressive building in the city; it is composed of 27 marble petals enclosing a central hall that seats 1,300. The temple is one of the most visited builds in the world. Uttar Pradesh With a population of over 200 million people, Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India. The area is so large that it is divided into 75 administrative districts. The official language of the state is Hindi, though a small portion of the population speaks Urdu. The states economy is based on agriculture, with a focus on the production of wheat and sugarcane. Uttar Pradesh is one of the top tourist destinations in India; its most famous sites include the Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort. The former was built in the early 1600s as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The latter was a walled city used by the Mughal emperors in the 1500s and early 1600s. Maharashtra Maharashtra is the second most populous state after Uttar Pradesh. It is home to Mumbai, the most populous city in India, which was settled in the early 1500s. The citys architectural wonders include the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, a railway station built in the Victorian Gothic style in 1888. Maharashtras economy is organized around manufacturing, technology, trade, services, and tourism. The state is also the center of Bollywood film production, which generates billions of dollars each year. Since the 1970s, India has produced more movies per year than even the United States; the films are popular across South Asia and in other parts of the world, including Russia. Bihar Located in northeast India, Bihar was historically a center of power. Out of Magadha, an ancient kingdom in Bihar, arose the religions of Jainism and Buddhism, which are still widely practiced in India today. Bihars economy is primarily service-based, with smaller portions devoted to agriculture and industry. The primary languages are Hindi, Maithili, and Urdu. A unique style of art known as Mithila painting originated in Bihar; works in this style are traditionally painted with simple materials such as fingers and twigs. The artworks feature bright colors and intricate geometric patterns. West Bengal The fourth most populous state in India, West Bengal is home to ethnic Bengalis who make up most of the states population. Bengali culture is known for its rich literary heritage; one Bengali writer, Rabindranath Tagore, was the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize. Notable Bengali art includes the states ancient terra cotta temples and the paintings of Abanindranath Tagore (Rabindranaths nephew). Hinduism is the main religion in West Bengal, and the state is known for its elaborate festivals, including Durga Puja, an annual celebration that lasts five days. Other important celebrations in West Bengal include Pahela Baishakh (the Bengali New Year), Holi (the festival of lights), Ratha Yatra (a Hindu celebration in honor of Jagannath), and Eid al-Fitr (a Muslim celebration that takes place at the end of Ramadan). Vesak, or Buddha Day, is a holiday that marks the birth of Gautama Buddha. Other States Indias other states and union territories include Tamil Nadu, a state known for its historic temples, and Gujarat, the home of the indigenous Gujarati people. State Population Capital Area Andhra Pradesh 76,210,007 Hyderabad 106,195 square miles Tamil Nadu 62,405,679 Chennai 50,216 square miles Madhya Pradesh 60,348,023 Bhopal 119,014 square miles Rajasthan 56,507,188 Jaipur 132,139 square miles Karnataka 52,850,562 Bangalore 74,051 square miles Gujarat 50,671,017 Gandhinagar 75,685 square miles Orissa 36,804,660 Bhubaneswar 60,119 square miles Kerala 31,841,374 Thiruvananthapuram 15,005 square miles Jharkhand 26,945,829 Ranchi 30,778 square miles Assam 26,655,528 Dispur 30,285 square miles Punjab 24,358,999 Chandigarh 19,445 square miles Haryana 21,144,564 Chandigarh 17,070 square miles Chhattisgarh 20,833,803 Raipur 52,197 square miles Jammu and Kashmir 10,143,700 Jammu and Srinagar 85,806 square miles Uttarakhand 8,489,349 Dehradun 20,650 square miles Himachal Pradesh 6,077,900 Shimla 21,495 square miles Tripura 3,199,203 Agartala 4,049 square miles Meghalaya 2,318,822 Shillong 8,660 square miles Manipur 2,166,788 Imphal 8,620 square miles Nagaland 1,990,036 Kohima 6,401 square miles Goa 1,347,668 Panaji 1,430 square miles Arunachal Pradesh 1,097,968 Itanagar 32,333 square miles Mizoram 888,573 Aizawl 8,139 square miles Sikkim 540,851 Gangtok 2,740 square miles

Facts About the Longsnout or Slender Seahorse

Facts About the Longsnout or Slender Seahorse The longsnout seahorse (Hippocampus  reidi) is also known as the slender seahorse or  Brazilian seahorse. Description As you could guess, longsnout seahorses have a long snout. They have a slender body that can grow up to about 7 inches in length. On top of their head is a coronet that is low and convoluted. These seahorses may have brown and white dots over their skin, which is a variety of colors, including black, yellow, red-orange, or brown. They may also have a pale saddle coloration over their dorsal surface (back). Their skin stretches over bony rings visible on their body. They have 11 rings on their trunk and 31-39 rings on their tail. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: GasterosteiformesFamily: SyngnathidaeGenus: HippocampusSpecies:  reidi Habitat and Distribution Longsnout seahorses are found in the western North Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to Brazil. They are also found in the Caribbean Sea and Bermuda. They are found in relatively shallow water (0 to 180 feet) and are often attached to seagrasses, mangroves, and gorgonians or  among floating Sargassum, oysters, sponges, or man-made structures. Females are thought to range farther than males, possibly because males have a brood pouch which decreases their mobility. Feeding Longsnout seahorses eat small crustaceans, plankton, and plants using their long snout with a pipette-like motion  to suck in their food as it passes by. These animals feed during the day and rest at night by attaching to structures in the water such as mangroves or seagrasses. Reproduction Longsnout seahorses are sexually mature when they are about 3 inches long. Like other seahorses, they are ovoviviparous. This seahorse species mates for life. Seahorses have a dramatic courtship ritual in which the male may change color and inflate his pouch and the male and female perform  a dance around each other. Once courtship is complete, the female deposits her eggs in the males brood pouch, where they are fertilized.  There are up to 1,600 eggs that are about 1.2mm (.05 inches) in diameter. It takes about 2 weesk for the eggs to hatch, when seahorses about 5.14 mm (.2 inches) are born. These babies look like miniature versions of their parents. The lifespan of longsnout seahorses is thought to be 1-4 years. Conservation and Human Uses The global population of the species is listed as  near-threatened  on the  IUCN Red List  as of an October 2016 assessment. One threat to this seahorse is harvest for use in aquariums, as souveniers, as medicinal remedies, and for religious purposes. They also are caught as bycatch in shrimp fisheries in the U.S., Mexico, and Central America and are threatened by habitat degradation. The genus Hippocampus, which includes this species, was listed in CITES Appendix II, which prohibts export of seahorses from Mexico and increases permits or licenses required to export live or dried seahorses from Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Guatamala. Sources Bester, C. Longsnout Seahorse. Florida Museum of Natural History.Lourie, S.A.,  Foster, S.J., Cooper, E.W.T. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2004. A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses. Project Seahorse and TRAFFIC North America. 114 pp.Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999. Seahorses: an identification guide to the worlds species and their conservation. Project Seahorse, London. 214 p.  via FishBase.Project Seahorse 2003.  Hippocampus reidi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2.

English - Eating disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English - Eating disorder - Essay Example In effect, both Pollan’s book The Omnivore’s dilemma: a natural history of four meals illustrated that the source of our food is becoming a factory and is no longer grown the way it used to be. Worst, industrial farm factory and the use of GMOs are even packaged to be a better food source than organic farming. This kind of food production or factorization of food instead of growing food has changed the eating pattern of America that it could now be construed as eating disorder. This is evidenced by the growing number of obesity that has already assumed the proportion of an epidemic whose main caused is our penchant for junk foods. Instead of eating the traditional healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables and cereals, we are now more predisposed to eating fast foods which are littered with oil, trans fat and glucose. Strangely, we have grown aversion towards healthy foods such as vegetables and increased our appetites towards hamburgers and pizzas. As a result, Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are on the rise and the people that are having diabetes are getting younger and younger and this can be traced back to our eating disorder precipitated by factorization or the change how our foods are produced instead of

Handel's Influence on Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Handel's Influence on Beethoven - Essay Example In the same, he paid a visit to England and performed with success his opera Rinaldo. In 1727, he became a citizen of England and made London his permanent home. While in England he composed in Italian style and at the same time, he incorporated the English choral music. As the musical director for a number of organizations between 1719 and 1734, he became the leading director and composer of Italian operas in London (Solarhaven.org 1). His operas are based on the stories about historic heroic figures, fantasies, and light anti-heroic works and they include Tamerlano in 1724, Serse in 1738 and other operas. He is well known for his English oratorios composition than the Italian operas. The Messiah (1741) is the widely performed and most influential oratorio. He is well known for his tremendous contributions to the secular vocal music, instrumental music of different types (in particular concerto), and English church music (Solarhaven.org 1). Handel is well known as a great composer in the Baroque age (1600 – 1750); it is a period that was characterized by elaborate and long music that frequently needed many singers. He is also well-known for his English oratorios. An oratorio is an opera that lacks scenery and costumes. A number of his oratorios were and are still being performed as church music in countries that speak English around the world. He was also a master of Italian-type operas and wrote a number of scores for the instruments. Handel was an extensive artist; he combined Italian, English, French and German musical traditions to compose his works. In the years (1706 -1710) he spent in Italy, he was exposed to the best of oratorio, chamber cantata, opera and instrumental forms of sonata and concerto. By studying and playing with the greatest Italy musicians and composers, Handel transformed his raw talent into a polished style from a composer. Handel broke from the traditional music rules in order to make a dramatic impact (ArtsAlive.ca

The Effect of Leadership Style on Security Guards’ Performance Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Leadership Style on Security Guards’ Performance Essay The following are the specific objectives of the study: 1. To determine the job performance level among security guard in Riyadh military hospital. 2. To examine the influence of leadership style on security guard’ performance in Riyadh military hospital. 3. To investigate the security guard mean differences in job performance based on level of education and experiences in Riyadh military hospital. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Three research questions are as follows: 1. What is the job performance level among security guard in Riyadh military hospital? 2. What is the direct significant influence of leadership style on security guard’ performance in Riyadh military hospital? 3. Is there any significant difference in security guard’ performance based on level of education and experiences in Riyadh military hospital? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY As mentioned earlier in the present study, the objective of the study is to explore the influence of job leadership style variables on security guards’ performance. If the findings of the study turn out to be true, the study will contribute to both theory and practice. Through the present research, the researcher expects the findings to shed light on the pertinent facets of the topic and add to the body of knowledge concerning leadership style towards security guards performance in Riyadh Military Hospital. On the practical side, the study possesses significance because it will attempt to give an insight into one of the major issues in Saudi Arabia’s security sector. In addition, the stakeholders in Ministry of Defense can also benefit from the research by using it to identify, investigate as well as examine the proposed factors that are found to influence security guards’ performance. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study looks at leadership style towards security guards job performance at Riyadh Military Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The participants of this study were security guards of Riyadh Military Hospital in Saudi Arabia. The total number of the security guards who participated in the study was 34 security guards 30 males and 4 females. In order to achieve the research objective in the present study, a survey conducted. Questionnaires distributed to the security guards in Riyadh Military Hospital from 15 October 2012 to 9 November 2012. 1.7 SUMMARY The present chapter discussed background of the study, problem statement, objectives of study, questions of study, scope and significant of the study. The next chapter (chapter two) will expound literature review of study variables, chapter three related methodology, and finally chapter four discussions of the findings and suggestions.

Reinhold Niebuhr :: essays research papers

Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892-1971), American Protestant theologian, whose social doctrines profoundly influenced American theological and political thought. Born in Wright City, Missouri, June 21, 1892, he was educated at Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Illinois; Eden Theological Seminary, Webster Groves, Missouri; and Yale Divinity School. In 1915 he was ordained in the ministry of the Evangelical Synod of North America and made pastor of the Bethel Evangelical Church of Detroit. He held that post until 1928, at which time he joined the faculty of the Union Theological Seminary, New York City, where he taught for 30 years. At the time of his retirement (1960) he held a chair of ethics and theology; he also served as dean (1950-55) and vice president (1955-60). After retiring he continued at Union as a lecturer. An outstanding, although not a systematic, theologian, Niebuhr was notable primarily for his examination of the interrelationships between religion, individuals, and modern society. Outside the field of theology, he took a keen interest in trade union and political affairs. He was an active member of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, waged a vigorous fight against isolationism and pacifism before and during World War II, and in 1944 helped to found the Liberal Party in New York State. He received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 and was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He died on June 1, 1971. Niebuhr indicated his overriding interest in what has been called theological anthropology, a concern with the nature of man as a contact point for religion and society, in such major works as Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Interpretation of

Teaching Experience: What I Learned

Final Reflective Essay on Teaching and Learning I have learned three things from my student teaching experience: effective pedagogy, classroom management, and humility. In this expository essay I will briefly explain each of the above-mentioned and explain why it is important. Among foreign language teachers, there is debate about how to most effectively teach. The debate can be simplified to two pedagogical approaches; grammarbased vs. immersion-based. The grammar approach to learning a foreign language is traditional and still the dominate pedagogy in use today.If you took French, German, or Spanish in high school, this is how you were taught. The grammar approach is a mechanical approach to language-learning and has advantages and disadvantages. For example, if I am teaching a student the verb â€Å"to go,† I would write the various forms on the board: I go, you go, he/she goes, etc.. I would then direct students to practice this verb through written or spoken activities. W hen I think that I have adequately taught the verb, I would likely give a formative assessment to check student comprehension.And so it goes, piece by piece, I put together a language for my students. The advantage of this approach is that it is simple and very comprehensible. It’s like putting together a puzzle, one piece at a time. Students do not experience tremendous anxiety and do not feel lost in a sea of incomprehensible words. The principle disadvantage of this approach is that it is slow to build fluency. For those of you who took a foreign language in high school or even college, how much do you really remember now? The solution to the problem of fluency is immersion.One form of controlled immersion is called â€Å"TPRS,† and is the focus of the next few paragraphs. Language teachers and learners know that the key component to learning a foreign language is to travel abroad and live in that country. Teachers began experimenting with ways to duplicate this pow erful learning experience in the classroom, and I feel that TPRS is the most successful imitation of it to date. TPRS stands for â€Å"Total Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling. † This pedagogical technique recognizes that a class meeting five days per week for less than an hour cannot imitate a true immersion xperience because true immersion involves a 24/7 experience. Instead, TPRS imitates the most salient and valuable features of immersion. Like the grammar approach, it has advantages and disadvantages. In TPRS, the teacher selects the most critical, high-frequency words and tells a repetitive story with them. For example, if I were teaching my students the same verb â€Å"to go,† I would invent or borrow a simple, silly story. Then I would repeat â€Å"to go† over fifty times in that story. Prior to beginning the story I would briefly explain â€Å"to go† and write it on the board.Students are repeatedly exposed to important, high-frequency words in context, similar to what happens in the true immersion experience. Like the true immersion experience, TPRS builds fluency well. This better fluency is possible because the pedagogy imitates a part of the true immersion. The disadvantage to TPRS is that the grammar is delayed. A first-year TPRS student might say something weird like, â€Å"I eats peaches,† because he hasn’t yet learned that it should be said, â€Å"I eat peaches. † I conclude that TPRS is the most effective pedagogy.Compared to the traditional grammar approach, it builds fluency faster. The TPRS students I speak to report that they feel like they’re learning more and more engaged when compared to their previous grammar experiences. I believe that building fluency is the most important thing I can offer language-learners, and therefore my introduction to TPRS was the most important pedagogical event in my world. Because pragmatism is central to my teaching philosophy, I will most certainly use this technique.Classroom management is one of the most important skills a teacher can have because it really refers to whether or not the teacher has the class on-task and learning. If the class is not on-task, then learning is not taking place! I will briefly tell the story of my experience with eighth-grade students re classroom management and then explain why this knowledge is very important. When I â€Å"took the reins† of my new classroom at C R Anderson Middle School, I purposefully did not change my cooperating teacher’s procedures and routines.I thought that changing to my teaching style immediately would be too abrupt and instead gradually transitioned to my different style. Things went smoothly for several weeks†¦ students were on-task and learning. Then I completed the transition from the student’s familiar routines and procedures to mine. A week or two after all old routines and procedures were gone, I began to lose control of my s tudents. I was flabbergasted by some of the behavioral problems that appeared, often in students that had never been problematic before.I could see that I was losing them, so I tightened up discipline and started giving out detentions. Although my tighter discipline quieted the class down, it was not an effective solution because 1)I was spending class time giving out detentions and 2) they really weren’t on task, they were just more quiet. I read an excerpt from a Master Teacher’s book on classroom management (Mr. Wong) and it changed my life. I realized that the reason my students were no longer on task is because I had failed to provide them with routines and procedures. For example, I did not implement a seating chart.This was a procedure that the students were used to and its absence created a sense of anxiety that translated into classroom management problems. I re-implemented the procedures and routines that had been in place with my cooperating teacher and imme diately got my students (for the most part) back ontask. I cannot stress how important routines and procedures are for keeping students on-track and learning. Without solid classroom management, I may just as well be running a study hall. Because a teacher’s purpose is to be teaching, my acquisition of this critical skill changed my life.I owe a thanks to my cooperating teacher, Mrs. Barb Cooper, Mr. Wong, and SOE instructors for providing me with excellent classroom management materials. Lastly, I have learned humility. I am in general a confident person and take pride in being competent in my subject. Student teaching taught me that I did not know everything. I would hate to be in a profession or job where I felt like I was done learning or where I felt bored. I now know with certainty that I love teaching, and knowing that about a career before looking for a job is important.I am not the absolute best classroom manager, nor am I the absolute best at TPRS. I do, however, ha ve very good tools and experience to guide my mastery of these subjects, and I am extremely optimistic and eager to continue teaching as a professional. I am grateful to my cooperating teachers, their schools, and the SOE for the professional support and guidance they provided. The sense of humility I now possess is what allows me to continue to grow professionally, and continued growth, above all other qualities, is important to me.

Proper Way to Live by Confucianism and Taoism Essay

Proper Way to Live by Confucianism and Taoism Introduction             Confucianism and Taoism are ideologies that originated from China. These two ideologies have become very influencing though they have been known to be different in various approaches. The analysis of this paper will include introduction of the main ideologies of Confucianism and Taoism, and it is also providing a comparison between the two ideologies. Confucianism             It is a word used for the ideologies of Confucius, a scholar that existed at the time of warring states. The keyword of Confucianism generally is the concept of humanism (Ritzer 37). Among the five virtues of Confucianism are Humanism, Righteousness, Principle, Knowledge, and Integrity. Taoism             He was a scholar who like the others lived in the period of the warring states, and had a different approach in his ideologies. Tao is the main concept of Taoism, meaning â€Å"way.† It is described as a spontaneous, natural, external way of things, as well as the way they pursue their course (Ritzer 38). The argument of many philosophies is that in case people are going to let everything in life to flow in their own way, then everything would definitely work out, like in the starts of his argument in this case it affirms the word â€Å"refrain.†             While Confucianism has emphasized more on humans and their capabilities, Taoism has emphasized nature and equality. According to Confucius when an individual has faults, he should not have fear in abandoning them. Confucianism recognizes the need to be strong by shunning away any set back from other people who do not recognize the ability that you possess as portrayed by the statement â€Å"Do not grieve when people fail to recognize your ability, Grieve for your lack of ability.† Never listen or be bothered with what they think about your ability but always rise-up to the occasion and not grieve. These concepts are what Confucius was using in bringing order and peace to society and he was considered successful in doing so. Based on the facts that his argument on life emphasizes more on the importance of human relations, it is still influential.             Confucius recognizes what a noble mind aspires to â€Å"slow to speak and quick to act,† in the same way the ancient people spoke little, similarly Lao Tzu view that life is supposed to be with little quarrels in order to avoid quarrelling with other people. Confucius viewed life to be all about loyalty, ready to change whenever wrong, always standing by your words, as well as choosing only the kindred as your friends.             Taoism has emphasized humbleness and gratefulness throughout life, â€Å"†¦have little and gain; Have much and be confused.† Taoism also has considered humbleness in life in another perspective; standing by your own words as a way of being humble. The philosopher describes wise men as setting example to all and in order for that to happen a wise man must always stand by his own word, a character that can be desired and be emulated â€Å"†¦.And set an example to all†¦.They shine forth.†             Taoism view about life has been considered as perhaps too mystical. It can be criticized to be just an ideology that is trying to escape reality. Moreover, as much as Taoism could give a skeptical view, it failed to provide a realistic solution about life.             However, Confucius as a philosophy has a deeper sense of life with realistic solution, especially regarding the opinion that other people have about some other people. According to Confucius, people should not just be comfortable with the way they have been described and give title whether positive or negative. When they talk good about other people, do not just take the complement and remain comfortable, investigate and find out the reason behind being good to them. This is always more serious when they hate you. Since there are many reasons behind somebody holding an opinion about another person, it is indeed important to investigate more why other people have decided to have that opinion, this is because there may be genuine reason behind doing so which may just be a misunderstanding of what was wrongly perceived.             According to Confucius just like Taoism in some aspects every individual is required to act with virtue in every social matters, family, community, state, and kingdom, mainly to ensure order and unity. Though these two philosophies may have taken different philosophies, they have in one way or the other succeeded in shaping of the society in terms of their way of life and their approach to life. Realistic or not realistic their ideologies stand to stay and the perceiving mind is what should embrace and accept the reality. Conclusion             Following the rise of individualism and freedom, the modern society always forgets their manners and patience. Most of the people tend to be selfish, rude, and having over high esteem about themselves. Just as emphasized by Confucius in his time, people should learn to be calm and respectful in life. Also Taoism has pointed out the need to learn being free, empty our minds, as well as clear our souls. This is because nobody in this world that do not need peace of minds. References Ritzer, George. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics. McGraw-Hill, 2009. 37–38. Print. Source document

Impact of Emirates Airlines Operations on the Environment

Impact of Emirates Airlines Operations on the Environment Abstract Emirates Airlines is a major global air transport company that is based in Dubai, UAE. The company’s operations cause significant impacts in terms of environmental degradation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Emirates Airlines’ Operations on the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has established an environmental policy that seeks to highlight its commitment in addressing its associated carbon footprint. These policies and statements, however, have no impact in assisting the company to curb environmental degradation that is caused by its operations. Instead, Emirates continues to cause grave environmental effects each year. The engine combustion of aircrafts emits carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as other gases like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and water vapour. CO2 and water vapour are greenhouse gases that are responsible for the increasing global warming phenome non. This causes a rise in earth temperatures beyond the average. The greenhouse gases remain trapped in the atmosphere for long durations, thus allowing the ultraviolet rays from the sun to reach the earth surface. Emirates operations also cause noise pollution that affects residents living near Dubai Airport and those living near all the other airports that are served by the airlines. The environmental policy by the company falls short of addressing the actual problem because Emirates has no direct say in the technology applied by aircrafts manufacturers.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the company is only a consumer of readymade technology and cannot purport to alter the technology through its internal policies to achieve zero impact on environmental footprint. Introduction Literature review The growth and emergence of the United Arab Emiratesâ₠¬â„¢ aviation industry dates back to about four decades ago when the Dubai Airport was opened for the first time. A series of initiations and developments have continuously been witnessed within the industry, further propelling it to the greater international heights that are evident today. In 1968, another of the Emirates’ airports opened its doors in Abu Dhabi. The airport was referred to as â€Å"Al Bateen Airport† (Jain para. 10). The Ras Al Khaimah airport became operational eight years after the inauguration of the Abu Dhabi Airport in 1976, adding to the limited number of airport facilities that existed in the country back then (Jain para 64). However, 1985 witnessed a landmark development in the country’s aviation industry when the Emirates airline was born. The great journey to global stardom of the Emirates Airlines had begun with a paltry capital of $10 million and two aircrafts. The company was started in Dubai, which remains to be its headquarters t o date (O’Connell 339). The Etihad Airways, which is UAE’s national flag carrier, entered the country’s aviation industry in 2003. Unlike Emirates Airlines, Etihad has its home in Abu Dhabi, which is also considered to be the capital of the UAE. According to expert estimates, it is anticipated that the Emirates Airlines could emerge as the largest wide-body carrier in the world by the year 2015 (Grimme 333).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Emirates Airlines’ Operations on the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, the Emirates Airlines and Etihad Airways have not only become household brands in the United Arab Emirates, but their fame and popularity spreads across the globe (Melly 18). Both companies fly to numerous destinations worldwide and have steady revenue that also translates to high profits each year (â€Å"UAE Aviation Industry-Review 2012† 64). Emirates Airlines is among the world’s ten leading carriers as per scheduled international passenger-kilometres covered annually, as well as the scheduled freight tonne-kilometres. Despite the tremendous growth and expansion of the global aviation industry, there have been numerous repercussions that mainly have far-reaching consequences on the environment. Noise pollution is one aspect of environmental pollution that is closely tied to the aviation industry (Whitelegg 5). Populations living around airports are the most affected by the continuous noise that is made by airplanes landing and those leaving the airports. Noise pollution has the potential of damaging health, as well as distracting people from their anticipated quality of life. It hinders the affected people from enjoying peace within their neighbourhoods. Apart from noise pollution affecting human beings, wildlife is also disturbed by noise emitted from airplanes.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Whitelegg (5) points out, there are numerous effects that noise pollution from the aviation industry cause. These include hearing impairment, pain, sleep disturbance, stress, cardiovascular effects, as well as interfered communication and speech awareness or perception. Additionally, noise pollution has the effect of mental disorders in humans, interrupted task performance and level of productivity, deficits in reading capabilities, especially among children, and psychoendoctrine effects. The other aspect of environmental pollution that is associated with the aviation industry is the ground level air emissions. Aircrafts continue to emit additional ground level ozone antecedents, also known as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) every passing year. The air around airports and fields is also heavy with nitrogen oxides that are poisonous if inhaled for long periods (Whitelegg 8). Apart from the direct contribution of gaseous emissions from airplanes, the aviation industry at large al so contributes indirectly to environmental degradation. Airports generate significant traffic as they are busy freight centres. Airports around the world have numerous bus stations and taxis that bring in passengers and freight or offer logistical links to arrivals at the termini. The combined carbon footprint from this industry is large and causes serious environmental degradation. People continue to be concerned about the climate change that has for long continued to be an issue around the world. Aircrafts have their fair share of contribution to this alarming phenomenon that threatens to affect life with adverse consequences. Aircrafts depend on aviation gasoline and jet fuel to be able to be powered. The aftermath of the combined combustion emits carbon dioxide, water vapour, and a mixture of other emissions. These gases are emitted in ratios of 70% to 30% to 1% respectively (ICAO 31). As the ICAO report (31) further concludes, both the CO2 and water vapour that form the bulk of the emissions comprise the greenhouse gases. The resultant effect of the emissions last for varied periods. In particular, CO2 lasts for very long periods in the atmosphere, although water vapour comparatively lasts for a shorter duration. Although the aviation industry is only responsible for 2% of the global CO2 that is emitted into the atmosphere, international flights are responsible for 62% of the emissions. Experts’ projections by environmentalists point at the growth of CO2 emissions resulting from the aviation industry growing by between 3% and 4% every year (ICAO 31). Although there is a likelihood of CO2 emissions from the aviation industry being mitigated in the short term using improved fuel efficiency, the improvements are only partial in as far as their impacts in the long term are concerned (ICAO 31). Forecasts tell of a sharp rise in NOx coming from the aviation sector. For instance, it is anticipated that by 2015 the earth will experience increase in nitroge n oxide emissions to the tune of 210% (Whitelegg, Williams, and Evans 20). By 2050, the same emissions could increase by up to 600% (Whitelegg, Williams, and Evans 20). As the emissions into the atmosphere increase over the years, more aircraft contrails will become commonplace across the global sky. The result of these aviation effects is increased global warming and erratic environmental phenomena that could have far-reaching consequences to all inhabitants on earth (Whitelegg, Williams, and Evans 20). Proposed Hypothesis The environmental policy adopted by Emirates Airlines is only a public statement that seeks to give the company better image rather than address the environmental issues associated with its operations. The annual environmental reports and findings that are periodically released by Emirates Airlines lack any facts that prove their positivity in reducing the environmental impact of the company. Methodology Different organisations in society, such as governments, environmental agencies, and individual companies actively provide details about their sustainability plans. However, such information is many times discursive because it only provides part of the relevant aspects towards an equally balanced understanding of the relevant issue at hand. This report focuses on interpreting the environmental performance of the aviation industry. The study is particularly limited to the Emirates Airlines, which is a leading company in the UAE and the Gulf region at large. This research has mainly relied on secondary sources of information to draw out its analysis and conclusions about the environmental impact caused by the aviation industry and in particular the Emirates Airline. Various in-flight magazines, brochures, journals, as well as magazines and reports about Emirates Airlines were analysed with focus on the environmental issues and effects that are associated with the performance of the company. In total, Emirates’ environmental policy st atements were identified and used as the basis of analysing the environmental performance, as well as sustainability of the airline (â€Å"Emirates Airlines Is Increasing† 68). The following four statements used as part of Emirates’ environmental policy are the basis for the argument in this research: ‘Acquiring the latest technology in terms of aircrafts, engines, as well as ground equipment that are eco-efficient.’ ‘Educating members of staff on environmental-related issues by use of ‘Environment Champions’ programme in order to welcome their contributions and initiatives on the environment.’ ‘Operating the company’s assets in a way that takes into consideration environmental responsibility. This will enhance compliance with environmental regulations as well as applicable standards.’ ‘Initiating and using particular environmental policies that are relevant to sustainable practices in procurement, waste minimisation and management, efficient use of water and energy, together with sustainable ground transport.’ These environmental policy statements of the Emirates are, thereafter, evaluated using the materials and data available from independent scientific publications. The main reason is to determine whether there is any relation between the scientific insights given and the policy statements of the organisation. Findings First Statement: ‘Investment in modern technology that is eco-efficient in engines, aircraft, and ground equipment’ This statement is meant to show that acquisition of the latest technology has negligible environmental footprint. It gives the erroneous picture that portrays technology in engine manufacturing and other equipment as having the ability to render environmental implications as invalid. However, this statement represents a discourse because Emirates is recognised for wide-bodied fleet of aircrafts that comprise of the Airbus 380 (à ¢â‚¬Å"Emirates Airlines, Airbus† 7). The wingspan of these aircrafts has been limited by the ability of airports to accommodate them. As Dalhuijsen and Slingerland (4) point out, it results in loss in fuel efficiency by up to 11% compared to optimising the wingspan to the requisite size of 90.2 m. Second statement: ‘Training staff on environmental issues, using ‘Environment Champions’ programme, in order to involve them in initiatives related to the environment’ This statement appears to suggest that staff awareness of environmental issues can potentially eliminate the environmental impact of Emirates Airlines. A critical examination of the organisation’s operations, however, indicates that workers have a limited role in influencing environmental footprint of the company. Emirates acquires all its aircrafts from foreign firms in Europe and the USA, which arrive when they are fully built. The combustion of these aircrafts is set right at the man ufacturer’s location and employees have a limited role in reducing the environmental impact. Third statement: ‘Operating our assets in a manner that highlights environmental responsibility in order to comply with environmental regulations as well as standards that are applicable’ While Emirates seeks to operate within the acceptable environmental standards and regulations, it is important to note that these regulations do not mean zero environmental impacts. The regulations only mean to reduce the amount of environmental footprints that are attributable to the organisation. Given that the gaseous emissions from aircrafts remain in the atmosphere for prolonged periods, it is noteworthy that the standards and regulations do not offer any lasting solution to the problem. The accumulated emissions occurring over the years because of Emirates’ operations still has a major impact on the global environment. Fourth statement: ‘Development and application of particular environmental policies that relate to sustainable procurement, minimisation and management of waste, water and energy efficiency, as well as sustainable ground transport’ This statement appears to proclaim the fact that Emirates Airlines has total control over its environmental impact and can potentially manage the resultant consequences. However, this statement fails to recognise that the company is only a consumer of a technology piece whose total control lies with the manufacturer. Unless the aircraft manufacturers take the initiative to invent new technologies that are environmentally friendly, there is little that Emirates can do in terms of their choices. The main determinant is with the manufacturers of the technology, no matter how efficient the environmental policies by the company may turn out to be. Limitation of the Research This research has heavily relied on secondary sources of data to base its argument. Secondary data has its own limitations and it is difficult to verify some details that are contained in it. The data may also be biased depending on the motive of the person carrying out the research. Future research on this topical area should entail carrying out primary research to obtain first hand data. Conclusion A critical analysis of the environmental policy and statements adopted by Emirates Airlines highlight the fact that it is only a move aimed at achieving a positive image for the company. The statements borrow scientific terms and often use facts that may appear to be undisputed in the first instance. However, a critical analysis of these facts and statements against independent scientific research reveals the fact that Emirates Airlines is not capable of managing its environmental footprint as the company would appear to suggest. As an airliner, Emirates is causing too much degradation of the environment, which affects the residents of Dubai, as well as all other residents across the globe whose local airports are served by the airliner. The company is only a consumer of technology that is manufactured by a third party. This makes it difficult for Emirates to develop policies that can have a direct influence on the environmental performance of the aircrafts. The environmental impacts caused by Emirates’ operations include noise pollution that causes disturbance and annoyance to the people living around Dubai Airport, as well as other airports in UAE and across the globe where the company serves. Emirates equally contributes to the global warming problem that is experienced every year through emitting CO2 and water vapour that result from the engine combustion of the aircrafts. These are also referred to as the greenhouse gases that take a considerable period within the atmosphere. Recommendations Emirates should consider a more forceful position in seeking to address the environmental footprint that results from its operations. The company should compel aircraft manufacturers to manuf acturer aircrafts that are 100% environmental friendly. Such technology would involve the use of natural energy only to power the aircrafts, such as use of solar power. Emissions resulting from this kind of technology will not have far-reaching consequences to the environment as is the case with the current aircraft models. Emirates should also consider acquiring its ground equipment that uses natural energy sources in their operations. Buses, taxis, and other freight carriers operating at the Dubai Airport should strictly be powered by natural energies, such as solar energy, to curb the overall carbon footprint that is associated with Emirates’ operations. Emirates Airlines Is Increasing. Aviation Week Space Technology 166.1 (2007): 68. Print. Emirates Airlines, Airbus. Airguide Business (2010): 7-7. Print. UAE Aviation Industry-Review 2012. Pakistan Gulf Economist 32.1 (2013): 64-65. Print. Dalhuijsen, Jansma, and Slingerland, Rudy. â€Å"Preliminary Wing Optimization f or Very Large Transport Aircraft with Wingspan Constraints.† 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibition. Reno: AIAA, 2004. Print. Grimme, Wolfgang. The Growth of Arabian Airlines From a German Perspective – a Study of the Impacts of New Air Services to Asia. Journal of Air Transport Management 17.6 (2011): 333-338. Print. ICAO. â€Å"Environmental Report 2010: Aviation and Climate Change.† Montreal: ICAO, 2010. Web. Jain, Shweta. UAE Aviation: A Story of Takeoffs and Landings. Gulf News. 2011. Web. Melly, Paul. Emirates. MEED: Middle East Economic Digest (2013): 18-18. Print. O’Connell, John F. The Rise of the Arabian Gulf Carriers: An Insight into the Business Model of Emirates Airline. Journal of Air Transport Management 17.6 (2011): 339-346. Print. Whitelegg, John, Nick Williams, and Chris Evans, eds. The Plane Truth: Aviation and the Environment. Aero habitat. The Ashden Trust. Web. Whitelegg, John. â€Å"Aviation: The Social, Economic and En vironmental Impact of Flying. Ashden Trust, n.d. Web.

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War crime & crimes of aggression in international Essay

War crime & crimes of aggression in international - Essay Example Sometimes an enemy is dodged by waving a flag and then they are attacked, this also comes under war law violation. However, if an enemy is being deployed with the help of a parachute, then attacking them will not mean it is a war crime. However this rule is critical because in some areas it is not allowed to attack an enemy if they are being deployed from a damaged airplane. They cannot be attacked even if they have landed and are willing to surrender (ICRC, n.p, 1993)2. Genocide and mass murder also come under war crimes. If prisoners and civilians are ill treated then this is also considered as a violation of international war law. This ill treatment can also come under the crime against humanity. As the Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo trials, were held under the international humanitarian laws, there fore these have a significant impact on the war laws. "Wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including... wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a protected person, compelling a protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile power, or wilfully depriving a protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial, ...taking of hostages and extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly" (ICRC, n.p, 2005)3. It was after the World War... .taking of hostages and extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly" (ICRC, n.p, 2005)3. It was after the World War II that people realized there should be some form of law that should stop violations against human rights. During the World War II the Nazis killed millions of people just because they were Jews. These people were killed very brutally. The Japanese also mistreated the prisoners during the Second World War. In 1945 and 1946 trials were held which lead to the execution of Nazi leaders. Several Japanese Commanders were also hanged in 1946 and 1948. The reasons for these trials were the war crimes these people did during the war (Smith, 1, n.d)4. Formerly, the international war laws addressed only the war crimes in an international conflict. Today an internal armed conflict can also have war crimes. The international human rights regime has changed over the last decade. Today, if anyone commits a war crime, even if it is a minor armed conflict within the country, the person can be subjected to a trial. Though war crimes have always existed yet formal war crime rules and regulations were established after the Second World War. Perfidy was one common and expected war crime for centuries. In 1899 and 1907, during The Hague Conventions, many rules and regulations were made clear. The Nuremberg Trials gave a new concept to war rules. It was published on August 8, 1945 in London. This has further clarified other forms of crimes done in a war (White, n.p. 2007)5. According to Article 22 of the Hague IV, "The right of belligerents to adopt means of